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Etkin,V.A. Energodynamics (Thermodynamic Fundamentals
of    Synergetics). - N.Y., 2011 - 479p.

 

The monograph generalizes the methods of non-equilibrium thermodynamics underlying synergetics to the processes of useful conversion of energy in any forms, irrespectively of the level of the universe they touch upon, the media they occur in and the field of knowledge they belong to. The theory called for short "energodynamics" features an interdisciplinary character, a system approach to objects of investigation, the exclusion of hypotheses and postulates from the theory grounds, the non-idealization of processes and systems beyond the uniqueness conditions imposed and the rate, productivity, irreversibility and counterdirectivity of processes in spatially heterogeneous media as explicitly allowed for in the basic equations of energodynamics.

The book concentrates most attention on the synthesis of the basics of fundamental disciplines and on the deductive substantiation of fundamental principles, laws and equations for equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, classic and quantum mechanics, the theory of heat- and mass-exchange, hydrodynamics and electrodynamics.

A considerable attention is also paid to the development and experimental verification of a number of new applications the theory provides, as well as to the analysis and elimination of the paralogisms discovered from the positions of energodynamics in the majority of fundamental disciplines.

The book is intended for the audience understanding the necessity of updating the conceptual base of modern natural science and being interested in the prospects of alternative energetics, the phenomena at the interfaces between various sciences, the problems of self-organization and global evolution. It may be useful also for the researches, university teachers and students keen-set for the system vision of the world, the knowledge integration and interdisciplinary schooling.

 

 

 

 

Translation from Russian Edition

 (St.-Petersburg, "Science", 2008),

awarded Leibniz's medal of the European

Academy of Natural Sciences (2009)

 

Translator - N.V. Abashkin

ISBN 978-0-557-95565-7

љ V.A. Etkin, 2011

CONTENTS

Introduction...........................................................................       8

Part 1

 

FROM THERMODINAMICS - TO ENERGODYNAMICS

 

Chapter 1. Methodological principles of  Energodynamics.........................   9

1.1. System Approach to Objects of Investigation................................    11

1.2. Exclusion of Hypotheses and Postulates from Theory Grounds ...........   14

1.3. Negation of Process and System Idealization outside Uniqueness                     

       Conditions Framework...........................................................   17

1.4. Compliance with the Adequacy Principle at System State Description...    25

1.5. Change to Absolute Reference System.......................................     27

1.6. Counterdirectivity of Processes Allowed for When Finding Their                   Coordinates.......................................................................     31

 

 

Chapter 2. Postulate-Free Derivation of Basic Relations in the Theory...   34

 

2.1. Substantiation of Total energy Conservation Law...........................     34

2.2. Force and Its Moment as the Notions Introduced into Basic Equation              

        of Energodynamics...............................................................    37

2.3. Differentiation between Ordered and Unordered Parts in Internal Energy (Inergy and Anergy)..............................................................   41

2.4. Rate and Productivity of Real Processes as Allowed for in Equations  

        of Energodynamics...............................................................    48

2.5. Irreversibility in Energy Balance Equations.................................      51

2.6. Predicting General View for Equations of State and Transfer......              53

        Conclusions to Part 1.........................................................        57

 

Part 2

                                      MAIN PRINCIPLES, LAWS AND EQUATIONS

OF FUNDAMENTAL DISCIPLINES..................      59

 

Chapter 3. Classic Mechanics....................................................      60   

 

3.1. Correction of Some Mechanical Concepts....................................   60

3.2. Law of Inertia (Newton"s First Law of Motion) and Its Generalization                        

       to Rotational Motion...............................................................  65

3.3.  Law of Force (Newton"s Second Law of Motion).............................  69

3.4.  Extended Interpretation of Newton"s Third Law of Motion  

3.5.   (Principle of Action and Reaction).............................................   71

3.5. Theoretical Derivation of Law of Universal Gravitation.....................  73

3.6.  Substantiation of the Least Action Principle..................................   75

Chapter 4. Classic Thermodynamics.............................................   78

4.1. Principle of the Excluded Perpetuum Mobile of 1st Sort (the First Law        

       of Thermodynamics)..............................................................   79

4.2. Principle of Entropy Existence (Second Law for Reversible Processes)... 84

4.3. Principle of Entropy Rise (Second Law for Irreversible Processes)........  89

4.4. Principle of Excluded Perpetual Motion of the Second Kind..............    93

4.5. Principle of Unattainable Absolute Temperature Zero (Third Law of

       Thermodynamics).................................................................. 96

4.6. Principle of Entropy Maximum as Equilibrium Condition..................  99

 

Chapter 5. Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes.....................   102

5.1. Linear Theory of Dissipation Processes Rate............................        102

5.2. Motive Forces and Generalized Rates of Transfer Processes..............   106

5.3. Entropy Balance Equation and Dissipation Rate............................   108

5.4. Phenomenological Laws of Transfer Processes...........................     110

5.5. Reciprocal Relation in Transfer Processes.................................     113

5.6. Law of Minimum Entropy Production.......................................   116

Chapter 6. Heat-Mass Transfer Theory.......................................    120

6.1. Elimination of Strange Delimitation of Thermodynamics

and the Heat Exchange Theory..............................................     120

6.2. Fundamental Law of Heat Conductivity.....................................   121

6.3. Convective Heat Exchange and Transfer....................................   123

6.4. Radiant Heat Exchange.........................................................  124

6.5. Heat-Mass Exchange in Open Systems.....................................     116

 

Chapter 7. Hydro -and Aerodynamics.......................................................   131

7.1. Basic Laws of Hydrodynamics................................................   132

7.2. Relationships between Thermodynamic and Geometrical Parameters                          

    in Gas Flows.....................................................................       136

7.3. Law of Friction. Shear, Bulk and Rotational Viscosity.....................   137

7.4. Derivation of Navier-Stokes" Generalized Equation......................     141  

7.5. Momentum Transfer in Boundary Layer....................................    143

Chapter 8. Electrodynamics........................................................................... 147

 

8.1. Free, Polarization and Dipole Charges....................................       147

8.2. Thermodynamic Derivation of Maxwell"s Equations.....................    150

8.3. Theoretical Derivation of Coulomb"s Law..................................    154

8.4. The Ohm"s law and its generalization.......................................    156

8.5.  Flows of Electric and Magnetic Fields Energy. Poynting"s Vector    

        as their synthesis............................................................        159

Chapter 9.  Quantum Mechanics................................................   161

9.1. Planck Radiation Law Classic Derivation...................................    161

9.2. Quantum Yield Consideration in Photoeffect Equation...................    168

9.3. Energodynamic Analog of Schrцdinger"s Equation........................   172

9.4. Alternative Description of Spectral Series...................................   174

9.5. Orbital Electrons Parameters Definition.....................................   177

Conclusions to Part 2...............................................................    179

Part 3

ELIMINATION OF NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCIES

OF THERMODYNAMICS EXTRAPOLATION

 

Chapter 10. Correction of Thermodynamics of  Open and Polyvariant        

                                                  Systems................................................   181

 

10.1. Discrimination between Ordered and Unordered Works..................   183

10.2. Solution to the Problem of Thermodynamic Inequalities..................  187

10.3. Generalisation of Second Law on Non-Heat Engines........................   191

10.4. Restoration of Potential Properties of Free Energy  in Open

         Systems..........................................................................   198

10.5. Correction of Material Equilibrium Conditions...........................    201

10.6. Possibility of use of Environmental Heat in Non-Heat Engines.........   205

 

Chapter 11. Entropy Rise Principle Application Limitation.............      207

 

11.1. "Heat Death " of the Universe as Groundless Theory...................     208

11.2.  Failure to Prove Entropy Rise Principle...................................    211

11.3.  Nonidentity of Thermodynamic, Statistical and Informational

Entropies......................................................................    215

11.4  Ambiguous Relation of Entropy with Irreversibility and Dissipation..   220

11.5. Inadequacy of Evolution Entropy Criteria.................................   225

Chapter 12. Thermodynamic Resolution of "Gibbs Pfradox"..........    228

12.1. Origin and Nature of Gibbs Paradox.......................................   229

12.2. Thermodynamic Inadmissibility of Gibbs Paradox.......................  220

12.3. Entropy Reference Point Shift in Mixing Processes as Entropy

         "Jump" Reason...............................................................    236

12.4. Energodynamic Theory of Mixing Processes.............................    239

Chapter 13. Negative Absolute Temperature Concept Invalidity..........  243

 

13.1. Non thermodynamic Nature of Negative Absolute Temperature........   243

13.2. "Inversion" of the Second Law in Negative Absolute Temperature        

         Range............................................................................    245

13.3. Non-Thermal Nature of Spin-Spin Interaction............................    248

13.4. Description of Spin Systems from the Positions of Energodynamics...  250

 

Chapter 14. Eliminating Paralogisms of Relativistic Thermodynamics.   251

 

14.1. Ambiguity of Relativistic Transformations on Thermodynamic Values.252

14.2. Non-Invariance of Efficiency Expression for Relativistic Carnot Cycle.254

14.3. Relativistic Carnot Engine as Compound Engine.........................   256

14.4. Inapplicability of Relativity to Absolute Values...........................  257

Conclusions to Part 3................................................................    261

Part 4

THERMODYNAMIC ANALISYS OF PHENOMENA

AT SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES INTERFACES

 

Chapter 15. Fundamental Unity of Energy Transfer Processes..............    263

 

15.1. Wave-Forms-of-Energy Transfer Processes...............................   264

15.2. Energy Transfer at Force Field Deformation. Potential Retardation....  270

15.3. Maxwell"s Equations Generalization Allowing for Displacemen      

         Fluxes of Bound Charg..................................................... ..   275

15.4. Possibility of Single-Wire Energy Transmission..........................   279

15.5.  Longitudinal Electromagnetic Waves Existing...........................   281

 

 Chapter 16. New Method of Superposition Effects Investigation                                  

                                      for Irreversible  Processes...........................    286  

16.1. Definition of Superposition Effects as Partial Equilibrium                          

         Conditions.....................................................................    286

16.2. Theoretical Prognostication of Superposition Effects ...................    290

16.3.    Definition of Hard-to-Measure Thermodynamic Parameters Based

          on Superposition Effects.....................................................   292

16.4. Simplification of Phenomenological Transfer Laws by Finding  

           Their  "Diagonal Form"...................................................    295

16.5. Investigation of Superposition Effects with Reciprocal Relations                           Violated......................................................................   302

 

Chapter 17. Generalizing the Theory to Non-Linear Systems                     

                                 and States  Far off Equilibrium........................   305

17.1. Differential Reciprocal Relations Confirmed in Exponential                         

          Chemical Reactions.........................................................   306

17.2. Investigation of Irreversible Processes in Systems Standing far from                 Equilibrium..................................................................   309

17.3. Simplification of Transport Laws Based on Differential Reciprocal                 Relations.....................................................................   315

17.4.  Further Reduction of the Number of Kinetic Factors in Transport          Equations.....................................................................  319

17.5.  Setting Additional Constraints between Superposition Effects.......   323

Conclusions to Part 3..............................................................     326

 

 

 

 

 

 

Part 5.

 

FUNDAMENTAL UNITY OF HEAT AND NON-HEAT                                                                                          FORMS-OF-ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES

Chapter 18. Theory of Similarity of Energy Conversion..................    328     

 

18.1. Interrelation between Energy Transfer and Conversion Processes.....    329 

18.2. Universal Index of Energy Converters" Perfection.......................    333

18.3. Kinetic Equations of  Energy Conversion Processes.                                       

         Antisymmetry of Relationships Therein...................................    337

18.4. Similarity Criteria for energy Converting Systems.......................    342

18.5. Universal Load Characteristics of energy Converters....................    345

18.6. Similarity of Load Characteristics for Real Machines....................   346

Chapter 19. Theory of Engineering Systems Productivity.................    356

 

19.1. Synthesis of Thermokinetics with Thermoeconomics....................   357  

19.2. Nominal Operating Conditions for Power Units...........................   359

19.3. Optimal Overload Degree of Power and Processing Plants..............   361

19.4. "Cruising Speed" Operation of Transport Vehicles.......................   363

19.5.  Peak Power Reach Conditions for Heat Power Plant.....................   366

Chapter 20.  To Using Field Forms of Energy.................................  372

20.1. Theoretical Possibilities of Creating Alternators...........................   374

20.2. Gravitational energy Converters.............................................   376

20.3. Generators Using Electrical Field energy...................................   381

20.4. Current Generators Using Magnetic Field energy..........................  387

20.5. Converters of Radiation Field energy.......................................   397

 

Conclusions to Part 5................................................................   405

Part 6

 

ELEMENTS OF THE ENERGODYNAMIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION

 

Chapter 21. Elimination of Contradiction between Thermodynamics                      

                                    and  Self-Organization Phenomena..................   406

 

21.1. Non-Entropy Criteria of Order for Real Processes and Systems........   407

21.2. Self-Organization of Chemical Elements by Their Similarity Principle..411

21.3. Spontaneous Character of Structure Formation Processes at       

          Crystallization ...............................................................     418    

21.4. Coherence of Laser Radiation as a Result of Radiative Equilibrium..     419

21.5.  System Ordering in Orientation Processes................................     421

21.6.  Structure-Forming Character of Mass Redistribution Processes in the   Universe......................................................................       425

Chapter 22. Elimination of Contradictions in Thermodynamics                                                                                                  and Evolution Theory............................                                        426

22.1. "Survival Principle" as Basic Law of Biological Evolution  and                                                         

          Reflection of Process Counterdirectivity..................................    427

22.2. Ordering Character of Heterogeneous Biochemical Reactions.........    430

22.3. Antidissipative Character of Active Transfer Processes..................   433

22.4. Establishing Partial Equilibrium as Ordering Process...................    436

22.5. Biomass as a Factor of Evolution. Bio-Organism Maturity Criterion...  440

22.6. Energodynamic Conception of Biological Evolution and                                        "Neodarwinism"...............................................................    443

Conclusions to Part 6................................................................   451

Afterword..............................................................................  452

Key Symbols...........................................................................  456

References ............................................................................   458

Contents ..............................................................................   474


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